The Craft of Indo-Arabic Numerals - Raffaele Danna

“A must-read.” —Joel Mokyr, Nobel Prize–winning author of A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern EconomyAn illuminating, fine-grained account of how Indo-Arabic numerals facilitated the spread of practical knowledge in Western Europe—reshaping both commerce and mathematics in the process. In the thirteenth-century Mediterranean, commerce transformed as merchants shifted from Roman to Indo-Arabic numerals—an alternative that better facilitated complex calculations. It has long been known that this transition stemmed from Europe’s increasing exchanges with India, Persia, and the Arabic world. Yet much remains to be understood about how Indo-Arabic numerals—and the practical arithmetic they enabled—actually spread across Europe. As Raffaele Danna shows, it was hundreds of ordinary merchants, schoolmasters, and artisans who nurtured these changes, thereby driving key advances in both commerce and mathematics. Drawing on an original catalog of more than 1,200 practical arithmetic manuals, Danna charts the incremental spread of the new figures with unprecedented precision. While Italian merchants were the early adopters, it took nearly three centuries for Indo-Arabic numerals to become established in northern Europe. As Danna shows, adoption did not follow the routes of maritime trade. Rather, Indo-Arabic numerals moved gradually across the continent through inland networks of practitioners. Everywhere they we
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